Click here return to the main page.
Click here to jump to Abstracts.
A printable copy of the program can be downloaded here.
| SEGMENT 1 | Vancouver (PST) | Toronto (EST) | Europe (CEST) | Beijing (CST) |
| Session 3 | 9:20 am–10:50 am | 12:20 pm–1:50 pm | 6:20 pm–7:50 pm | 12:20 am–1:50 am* |
August 5, Session 3
| 9:20–10:50 | Forum Panel 1: Border-crossing (Chair: Jinhua CHEN) |
| 1.1 (9:20-9:35) | Emily HUNT (Belmont University): Poetry as Meditation through the Lens of Buddhism, Daoism, Han Shan, and Wang Duan |
| 1.2 (9:35-9:50) | Yuting LIU (McGill University): Fluid Boundaries between Time, Space and the Image of Guanyin: Guanyin Jingbian in Mogao Cave 45 |
| 1.3 (9:50-10:05) | Yuchen LIANG (Emory University Laney Graduate School): From Uji to Arutoki: An Attempt at Rethinking Dogen’s Uji alongside Heidegger’s Contributions to Philosophy |
| Comment 評議 (10:05-10:20) | Discussant Mikael BAUER |
| Discussion 討論 (10:20-10:50) | Open Floor 開放討論 |
August 6, Session 3
| 9:20–10:50 | Forum Panel 2: Text and Translation (Chair: Shayne CLARKE) |
| 2.1 (9:20-9:35) | Henry WU (Australian National University): Buddhist Translations as Language Contact |
| 2.2 (9:35-9:50) | Biao ZHANG (McGill University): Exhibiting Bai Juyi: The Installation of the Portrait and Anthology in the Hall of Sutra Repository |
| 2.3 (9:50-10:05) | Tali HERSHKOVITZ (Brown University): From Sūtra to Jiyuan : Poetic Rhetoric, Misprision, and Gender in the Chan Anthology the Chanzong Songgu Lianzhu Tongji 禪宗頌古聯珠通集 |
| Comment 評議 (10:05-10:20) | Discussant Michael Jason CAVAYERO 柯偉業 |
| Discussion 討論 (10:20-10:50) | Open Floor 開放討論 |
| SEGMENT 2 | Vancouver (PST) | Toronto (EST) | Europe (CEST) | Beijing (CST) |
| Session 1 | 4:30 am–6:00 am* | 7:30 am–9:00 am | 1:30 pm–3:00 pm | 7:30 pm–9:00 pm |
| Session 3 | 7:50 am–9:20 am | 10:50 am–12:20 pm | 4:50 pm–6:20 pm | 10:50 pm–12:20 am |
August 9, Session 3
| 7:50-9:20 | Forum Panel 3: Doctrine (Chair: JI Zhe) |
| 3.1 (7:50-8:05) | Shengtao DENG 鄧盛濤 (National University of Singapore): From Consciousness-only to Mind-only: Guifeng Zongmi and the Identity of Phenomena and Self-Nature in the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty |
| 3.2 (8:05-8:20) | Rusha JIN 金如沙 (Renmin University of China): On Zhanran’s Adaptation of Zhenru-Suiyuan in the Jingang pi | 湛然《金剛錍》對“真如隨緣”思想的受容 |
| 3.3 (8:20-8:35) | Jeremy STEPHENSON (Leiden University): Becoming One with the Way: A Search for a Solution to the Problem of Duality |
| Comment 評議 (8:35-8:50) | Discussant Jeffrey KOTYK |
| Discussion 討論 (8:50-9:20) | Open Floor 開放討論 |
August 11, Session 3
| 7:50-9:20 | Forum Panel 4: Art and Literature (Chair: Chün-fang YÜ) |
| 4.1 (7:50-8:05) | Pinyan ZHU (University of Kansas): Where Hell Became Heaven: Huayan Buddhism and the Reception of Longmen Landscape in the Early Eighth Century |
| 4.2 (8:05-8:20) | Yizhen GUO 郭一臻 (Sichuan University): 漢譯佛涅槃故事中的阿難形象 | The Figure of Ānanda in Chinese-Translated Buddhist Text |
| 4.3 (8:20-8:35) | Xueling LUO 羅雪菱 (Sun Yat-sen University): 宋金時期僧人墓葬的世俗化——以安陽大華時代廣場金代僧人墓為例 |
| Comment 評議 (8:35-8:50) | Discussant Amanda GOODMAN |
| Discussion 討論 (8:50-9:20) | Open Floor 開放討論 |
August 13, Session 1
| 4:30-6:00 | Forum Panel 5: Sociopolitical Ties (Chair: Elisabetta COLLA) |
| 5.1 (4:30-4:45) | Haoqin ZHONG (University of Hong Kong): Empress Dowager Hu of Northern Wei and Chinese Buddhism |
| 5.2 (4:45-5:00) | Antoine CID (INALCO): Approaching Buddhism Modernism from the Late Qing Dynasty to the Movement for Building Schools with Temple Property: A Microhistorical Analysis |
| 5.3 (5:00-5:15) | Xi YANG (University of Kelaniya): Rimé in Tibetan Buddhism: Past, Present and Future |
| Comment 評議 (5:15-5:30) | Discussant Margarita DELGADO CREAMER |
| Discussion 討論 (5:30-6:00) | Open Floor 開放討論 |
Abstracts
Forum Panel 1: Border-crossing
1.1 Emily HUNT (Belmont University): Poetry as Meditation through the Lens of Buddhism, Daoism, Han Shan, and Wang Duan
Language exists because one has an innate need to establish things that have not been previously established. Words are not founded in reality and what is said is hardly ever what is meant. Buddhism and Daoism each offer unique insight to how poetry works as a mode of meditation. Poetry offers a deeper, more scrupulous form of communication. Unlike other forms of writing, poetry more readily unearths depth and recognizes that one’s inner chaos is dynamic rather than paralyzing. Through writing poetry, one learns to dance with disorder. The poet understands life has something beneath it, so she begins to peel away the skin with a careful hand. Through writing he is illuminated amidst the shadows of her depths. Through a process of igniting thought and burning away pain, a poem emerges in a smoky haze. In this way, poetry is synonymous with the art of mindfulness. Through examination of Han Shan and Wang Duan the role of meditation is further established. It is a meditation in which one learns to accept things for both what they are and what they are not readily seen as. With each poem that is birthed, the author experiences a removal of self. This sort of transformation is highlighted through the examination of poetry in light of Buddhist and Daoist practice.
1.2 Yuting LIU (McGill University): Fluid Boundaries between Time, Space and the Image of Guanyin: Guanyin Jingbian in Mogao Cave 45
The boundaries of space, time, and images are ambiguous in the “Guanyin Jingbian” (觀音經變) of Mogao Cave 45 in Dunhuang. Unlike other similar compositions of Guanyin Jingbian paintings, there is no pictorial frame separating the central image of Guanyin and the episodes in the painting. The central Guanyin shows an unusual rigid pose like a Buddha. These unique traits endow a fluid relationship between the narratives, the central icon, and the audience in the real space.
This study aims to unpack the complex relationships between them and provide a framework to understand the ambiguities of the painting. It proposes the “Guanyin Jingbian” is not an illustration of the Guanyin Jing sutra but has its own visual logic. By examining the visual elements in the narratives, it explores how the individual space and time of the narratives are blurred and connected to form a new visual world interrelated with the icon. Through an analysis of the central Guanyin by studying its pose and the contemporaries’ visionary experience of Guanyin and his images, it excavates the central image of Guanyin was fluid to the audience. It is a Guanyin icon with an iconic Buddha pose, a manifested god, and an efficacious image.
Finally, the study demonstrates that the narratives, the central Guanyin, and the audience in the real space are elusively connected through the fluid Guanyin image. It is exactly these fluid boundaries of time, space, and images that reinforce Guanyin’s efficacies, mysteries, and almighty power in the painting.
1.3 Yuchen LIANG (Emory University Laney Graduate School): From Uji to Arutoki: An Attempt at Rethinking Dogen’s Uji alongside Heidegger’s Contributions to Philosophy
13th Century Japanese Zen master Dogen 道元’s fascicle Uji 有時 has been widely studied in the West ever since Hee-Jin Kim and Masao Abe’s translations in the 1970s. The combination of time and being in a single word (uji) fascinated Western scholars, who immediately noticed similar topics widely discussed in Western metaphysics, notably in the work of Heidegger, whose magnum opus after all is called Being and Time. Abe himself for example wrote an essay comparing Uji and Heidegger’s concept of time in 1985. I will argue in this essay that it is time to go beyond simply comparing similar terms and to refocus our attention on illuminating these difficult concepts with the help of similar concerns in other traditions. The central and most perplexing term I set out to illuminate is 有時 itself. While scholars have focused on the “time 時” and “being 有” aspect of the term, we should not forget that the Kanji 有時 can be pronounced (and sometimes appears) as arutoki あるときas well. The kunyomi pronunciation of arutoki, which means simply “sometimes” seems less philosophically interesting than the onyomi pronunciation of uji, “being-time” according to Abe’s translation. However, Dogen did come back to use the kana writing of arutoki towards the end of his text. How do we explain this oddity? My contention is that Heidegger’s concept of Ereignis, or appropriating event, is helpful in understanding this ambiguous use by Dogen. Heidegger’s Ereignis (especially its formulation in the Contributions to Philosophy) refers to a singular event that he holds to be the source for both time and space themselves. At that function the appropriating event is called a time-space (Zeitraum). I argue that this double function of Ereignis helps us gain a clearer conception of Dogen’s ambiguous use of uji/arutoki. Traditionally, arutoki is seen as the everyday concept of time that is superseded by uji in the eponymous fascicle. This strong dualism, however, leads to the possible reading of Uji as advocating a one-time enlightenment from arutoki to uji, based entirely on theoretical understanding. It fails to explain why Dogen went back to arutoki later in the fascicle and also conflicts with Dogen’s central belief in continued practice after enlightenment. I will argue that the return to arutoki is an important moment that should not be missed. On one hand I will build on recent works by Rein Raud, who explains uji in terms of a moment. On the other hand, I will use the Ereignis/Zeitraum interplay in Heidegger’s Contributions, which is more elaborately described than the uji/arutokiinterplay in Dogen’s Uji, to shed more light on the latter. The Zeitraum is presented by Heidegger at “a site of moment (Augenblicksstätte)” reminiscent of Raud’s new interpretation of uji. I will show that by doing this comparison, we can gain more confidence in bringing uji back to arutoki. That reaffirmation will explain why uji never appeared elsewhere in Dogen: it is incorporated into the arutoki that is ubiquitous in Dogen’s writings.
Back to top
Forum Panel 2: Text and Translation
2.1 Henry WU (Australian National University): Buddhist Translations as Language Contact
Since the 1950s, linguists have been theoretically modelling the causes and effects of language contact, i.e. the interaction between two or more languages used in a single community. While advances have been made by modelling various case studies, most concentrate on spoken language phenomena. Translation, as a primarily written phenomenon, has not been afforded the same treatment. On the other hand, while Buddhist studies scholars have worked extensively on Chinese Buddhist translations, they have rarely considered applying theoretical perspectives from language-contact literature, even though claims abound of contact-induced language change in Chinese.
Following this, my paper has two main aims. First I examine the extent to which translation can be modelled as language contact, according to models developed for other contact phenomena. Second, I consider the treatment of Chinese Buddhist texts in particular within such a model, using the translations of Kumārajīva 鳩摩羅什 (fl. early 5th century CE) as my case study. By examining relevant sociolinguistic variables in Kumārajīva’s context and situating them within an agent-based model of language contact, I argue that the language of Buddhist Chinese texts can be approached from a language contact perspective that reaches beyond text-to-text philological comparisons. I also suggest preliminary methods for analysis of language features that may be contact-induced.
2.2 Biao ZHANG (McGill University): Exhibiting Bai Juyi: The Installation of the Portrait and Anthology in the Hall of Sutra Repository
As one of the most dedicated custodians of one’s own works during the Tang period, Bai Juyi took a good care of the material preservation of his written texts and compiled them into a well-organized anthology. Bai Juyi made several copies of his anthology, kept one in his household and sent the other three copies to the Hall of Sutra Repository of three different monasteries, together with his own portraits. On the one hand, a tradition of placing portraits of master monks in a Portrait Hall during the Tang dynasty may legitimize Bai Juyi’s installation of his own portraits. Bai Juyi may consider employing his portraits to protect his written works. On the other, by incorporating copies of his anthology into sutra repository, he championed his affinity with Buddhism.
Although no discernible visual traces of Bai Juyi’s portraits or his original anthologies installed in the three monasteries survive, a study on Bai Juyi’s writings and scriptural regulations of the Tang monasteries allows us to enrich the history of the portraiture culture and textual culture created and shared by the Tang literati.
2.3 Tali HERSHKOVITZ (Brown University): From Sūtra to Jiyuan : Poetic Rhetoric, Misprision, and Gender in the Chan Anthology the Chanzong Songgu Lianzhu Tongji 禪宗頌古聯珠通集
The Chan anthology Chanzong songgu lianzhu tongji 禪宗頌古聯珠通集 (The Complete Anthology of the String of Pearls Verse Commentary of the Chan Lineage; hereafter Tongji), compiled in the Southern Song (1127-1279), is a collection comprised of jiyuan 機緣 (salvific encounters) followed by verse commentary of Chan masters in the form of songgu 頌古(eulogies of ancient cases). The anthology offers a version of the Chan case of Nüzi chuding 女子出定 (“A Woman Coming Out of Samadhi”), which is more well-known through the Wumen Guan 無門關(Gateless Barrier). This encounter, involving the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī, is the first one among a series of encounters collectively referred to as Pusa Jiyuan 菩薩 機緣 (“Bodhisattva Salvific Encounter”), and it is based on the sūtra Zhufo yaoji jing 諸佛要集經 (*Buddha-sangīti). The sūtra relates a philosophical debate between Mañjuśrī and a woman named Liyi 離意, at the end of which Liyi attains samādhi first, despite of being a woman.
In this essay, I will offer a cross-textual analysis arguing that the version recorded in the anthology necessarily misinterprets the sutra by shifting the focus from the woman to the male bodhisattvas. It will also demonstrate that while the encounter completely obscures the agency attributed to Liyi in the sūtra, some of her agency and authority are recovered in the subsequent songgu commentary. The initial misprision of the sūtra followed by a “resurrection of agency” performed through the medium of verse, highlights the complexity of Chan attitudes towards women during the Song.
Forum Panel 3: Doctrine
3.1 Shengtao DENG 鄧盛濤 (National University of Singapore): From Consciousness-only to Mind-only: Guifeng Zongmi and the Identity of Phenomena and Self-Nature in the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty
Based on a number of his key works particularly the Yuanjue jing dashuchao, this essay discusses Zongmi’s reflection and reconstruction of the essentials of Yogācāra School and explores how he captured and reinterpreted some basic concepts of Yogācāra in the framework of Mind-only theory. It aims to prove how Zongmi’s work resulted in the syncretization of Yogācāra and Tathāgatagarbha Buddhism, thus contributing to the transformation of the Buddhist doctrine in the middle and late Tang dynasty.
3.2 Rusha JIN 金如沙 (Renmin University of China): On Zhanran’s Adaptation of Zhenru-Suiyuan in the Jingang pi | 湛然《金刚錍》对“真如随缘”思想的受容
The Jingang pi is a treatise written by Zhanran, the 9th patriarch of the Tiantai School, which mainly discusses the theory of Wuqing-youxing. This work is inferred to be one of Zhanran’s later works. With a compact and clear structure, it integrates and exerts the fundamental teachings of the Tiantai School. Besides, according to former researches, Zhanran was the first Tiantai figure that integrated Zhenru-yuanqi in The Awakening of Faith with the Tiantai doctrine, as he adapted it for the argumentation of Wuqing-youxing in the Jingang pi. Researches have not reached an agreement on how Zhanran’s adaptation impacted the Tiantai doctrine in the later generation. Some believe that it led to the disputes of Shanjia-pai and Shanwai-pai, while others claim that it did not deviate from the standpoint of Xingju-shixiang in the Tiantai tradition.
《金剛錍》為天台宗九祖湛然所作，主要論述“無情有性”這一學說。此書據推論為湛然晚期的著作之一，篇幅精簡，結構清晰，不僅集成並發揮了天台宗的重要學說，還涉及《大乘起信論》之真如隨緣思想。據考證，湛然是首個將真如隨緣思想納入學說的天台宗人。學界對於湛然這一做法的影響存在爭議，有學者認為湛然對真如隨緣思想的運用導致了後世的山家山外之爭，而另一些學者則認為湛然沒有偏離天台宗性具實相論的基本立場。
3.3 Jeremy STEPHENSON (Leiden University): Becoming One with the Way: A Search for a Solution to the Problem of Duality
Philosophy and human thought are replete with mutually exclusive dualism. As a result, our understanding of reality is limited and our use of conceptual language is dangerously misconstrued. In pursuit of a solution to this problem, this thesis asks how it has been apprehended by two very different traditions: that of Jacques Derrida and Buddhism. More specifically, I discuss Derrida’s semiotic theory of deconstruction known as différance, in order to broach the apparent linguistic aspect to the problem of duality. On the other hand, I explicate a variety of Buddhist doctrine in order to discuss the problem as seen through the ideas of Kyoto School Zen scholars, especially Nishida Kitarō. In line with these thinkers, I first highlight their acknowledgement of the problem of duality, before asking to what extent it actually is problematic. These implications will hopefully become clearer after I discuss the contextual scope of both traditions, which precedes an illustration of their respective theoretical approaches. Furthermore, I introduce an additional consideration pertaining to the problem of duality: the risk of re-reification. By discussing this sub-problem through the eyes of Derrida and Buddhists, I explore the idea of a middle way. Finally, I ask what a meaningful and applicable solution to the problem of duality might look like, by entertaining Victor Hori’s notion of non-duality. As such, this project seeks not only to provide a solution to the problem of duality, but also shows how intercultural philosophy allows for constructive dialogues between cultures.
Forum Panel 4: Art and Literature
4.1 Pinyan ZHU (University of Kansas): Where Hell Became Heaven: Huayan Buddhism and the Reception of Longmen Landscape in the Early Eighth Century
My paper investigates the perception of Longmen Grottoes in the early eighth century as both a Buddhist sacred space and a land for the dead, and how contemporaneous Huayan teaching of interpenetration informed such perception. Longmen is located to the south of Luoyang, the capital city of Empress Wu Zhao (r. 690–705), and it is divided by the northward Yi River. While excavations of Buddhist cave-shrines started on the western cliff in the late fifth century, the eastern hills were a popular burial ground that saw no establishment until the late seventh century.
Yet when Wu Zhao ruled in her own right, both imperial and popular sponsorship extended to the eastern hills: new monasteries were built, cave-shrines with sculptures were excavated, and empty stone chambers were employed for Buddhist burial. My research discusses on-site dedicatory inscriptions, tales of miraculous response, and the visual programs of cave-shrines. I argue that because of the promotion of Huayan teaching by Fazang (643–712) at the court and by resident monks at Longmen, visitors perceived the site as both an a liminal space to Buddhist purgatories, and an efficacious heaven where one could meet the Buddha and found aids from bodhisattvas.
4.2 Yizhen GUO 郭一臻 (Sichuan University): 漢譯佛涅槃故事中的阿難形象 | The Figure of Ānanda in Chinese-Translated Buddhist Text
阿難在阿含部的佛涅槃故事中擁有高出場率、多重身份以及多種文本功能，是涅槃故事中重要的“圓形人物”。然而在諸如大本《大般涅槃經》與《方等泥洹經》等大乘涅槃故事中，對比大放異彩的菩薩形象，阿難的形像被忽視，在出場頻率、文本功能與文本角色等方面均少於阿含部類佛典。大乘佛典中在忽略阿難之餘，也在強調阿難傳法的形象與功能。阿難的身份與功能變化可以被視為佛教由部派向大乘過渡過程的一個縮影，從中能夠發現佛教發展過程中“菩薩乘”代替“聲聞乘”的現象、佛陀觀與涅槃觀的新變，以及大乘經爭取自身文本合法性的實踐。
Ānanda has frequent presence, various status and multitudinous textual function according to the narration of the Parinibbāna story in Āgama, which made him a crucial “round figure” in the text. Compared to the conspicuous Boddhisattva figures, however, the figure of Ānanda is ignored by the narration of Mahayana texts in terms of less presence, status and textual function. Besides ignoring him, Mahayana texts emphasize Ānanda’s importance in transmission of Dharma as well. The change in status and function of Ananda in Buddhist texts can be regarded as a miniature which indicates development of Buddhism, showing the process from Srāvaka to Boddhisattva, changes in thoughts of the Parinibbāna and the Buddha, and practice of Mahayana texts towards validity.
4.3 Xueling LUO 羅雪菱 (Sun Yat-sen University): 宋金時期僧人墓葬的世俗化——以安陽大華時代廣場金代僧人墓為例
中古時期，佛教僧人的墓葬形制與世俗人的墓葬形制始終保持並行發展的路徑。直至唐宋變革後，佛教逐漸隨整個中國社會趨同世俗化，而作為佛教表現形式的一個面向，僧人的墓葬也顯現出世俗化的特徵。本文旨在通過對安陽大華時代廣場金代僧人墓這一特殊墓葬的形制、墓誌、壁畫的研究，釐清其中所涉及的佛教因素，並以其爲支點進一步分析該時期世俗社會和佛教僧人間的互動和影響，開展關於佛寺僧眾參與社會救濟的分析研究。
Forum Panel 5: Sociopolitical Ties
5.1 Haoqin ZHONG (University of Hong Kong): Empress Dowager Hu of Northern Wei and Chinese Buddhism
By scrutinizing from a feminist perspective, the Empress Dowager Hu of Northern Wei’s policies and her attitude towards Buddhism, and their social influence as well, this essay tries to contribute to presenting a most real portrayal of Empress Dowager Hu, and a new valuation of her influence to Chinese Buddhism and the society as well.
Empress Dowager Hu was a powerful female ruler of Northern Wei (386–534), governed by the Tabgach (Ch. Tuoba 拓跋), a non-Chinese clan. As a female ruler, she stood out obviously in the whole history of imperial China, which was predominantly patriarchal and patrilineal. However, she received comparatively less scholar attention than other female rulers, such as Wu Zetian (武則天). What is more, because of her position as leader over a court that was in serious decline, Empress Dowager Hu is usually depicted as morally corrupt and incapable. Historians usually accuse her for indulging in Buddhism so much as to bring the country decline. However, a feminist analysis in this essay aims to shed more light on this controversial historical figure, bringing back to the stage her contribution to Chinese Buddhism and the society, if any.
5.2 Antoine CID (INALCO): Approaching Buddhism Modernism from the Late Qing Dynasty to the Movement for Building Schools with Temple Property: A Microhistorical Analysis
In the wake of an introductory de-compartmentalization of Holmes Welch’s threefold survey, following the trails opened by Erik Hammerstrom, Gregory Adam Scott (2017) and Stefania Travagnin (2017), this paper aims to address the question of the crises of modernity that Chinese Buddhism is facing during the late Qing Dynasty. By reassessing its creative reinventions and adaptative experiments – developed as a reaction of the movement for building schools with temple property – we will discuss the institutional and educational innovations, defining the scope and features of Buddhism modernism. In his trilogy, Holmes Welch already raised the question of Buddhist education, athwart an extensive reflection on specific and local cases: a lay devotee, a teacher, a monk with whom he conducted interviews, subsequently published as part of his survey. This methodological approach could incidentally lead us to argue that his theoretical framework was established on a nascent and proto-microstoria, named after the work of Carlo Ginzburg (1976). However, provided that his reflection deals with microhistories and very local and delineated illustrations, Welch’s perspective is exempt of the epistemological project inherent to this Italian historical school. Therefore, this paper will discuss the possibility of conducting such a microhistorical reflection, to propose tentative interpretations on the figures traditionally attached to the innovative explorations of Buddhism in modern China, by integrating their path and trans-national networks within a diachronic macro-history and a synchronic macro-frame.
5.3 Xi YANG (University of Kelaniya): Rimé in Tibetan Buddhism: Past, Present and Future
Rimé movement is one of the most significant developments in Tibetan Buddhist history. Historically, the movement appeared under the tensions of political and inter-religious conflicts within the Tibetan society in the nineteenth century. Many influential masters from different traditions and lineages have contributed to the formation of the movement. Due to their efforts, there have been more interchanges of teachings among various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including many near-extinct teachings. In this paper, I would first introduce the historical background, contributions of representative rimé masters and characteristics of rimé movement. Then, I would discuss the meaning and the origin of “rimé”, also highlight the significance of rimé attitude in the contemporary world. Because Tibetan lineages and traditions were evolving from different points of emphasis and practices along with the history, it is vital to appreciate the distinguishing factors in different traditions and preserve the varieties for benefiting practitioners with different characters. The spirit of rimé presents the authentic concern about the survival and integrity of Buddhist teachings, and generating the rimé attitude is vital for the present and future of Buddhism.
